The three basic requirements of steering gear are :

1. To be continuously available, movement the rudder rapidly to any position of degrees in response to the guild from the bridge during manoeuvring and hold it in the required position
2. take arrangements for relieving abnormal stress and returning it to its required position
3. maintain the send on course regardless of wind and waves.

Testing in Port and prior to Departure
The regulations SOLAS Chapter V Regulation 26 and 33 CFR Chapter 1 164.25 �Tests before inbound or getting underway� have to be complied with. During stays in port between voyages or passages a test is to be carried out within 12 hours of the estimated fourth dimension of "stand up past departure".

Normal adequate practice is one hour before departure, with all the generator/alternator engines required for standby on line, and Span and Engine room watchkeeping officers on duty. Prior to testing, the following checks are to exist carried out :

• The hydraulic oil levels in the chief gear, its reserve tank (minimum level equivalent to 90% full chapters), and the telemotor systems.
• The grease points and greasing arrangements.
• A visual inspection of the steering gear and associated linkage.
• The communication system betwixt the steering gear compartment and the bridge.

Testing is to include the following:

1. The main steering gear, power units, pumps, and hydraulic mechanism.
2. All the bridge transmission steering controls.
3. The bridge/steering spaces electrical control system.
4. Manual functioning of steering control.
5. Power Unit failure alarms.
6. All remote rudder angle indicators.
7. Swinging the rudder from hard to port to hard to starboard.
8. Automated isolating arrangements and other automated equipment.

During this operation, the remote rudder angle indicators are to be checked for accuracy with the master indicator affixed to the steering gear. The ammeter readings from both motors are to be recorded in the Engine Room Log. The fourth dimension taken for the rudder to move from hard over (35 degrees) from one side to the other is to be recorded for both motors singly then both together. These times are to be compared with the manufacturer�s specified times.

Fig:Typical 4 ram steering gear organization for cargo ships

If the time taken to move the rudder from 35 degrees on either side to 30 degrees on the other side exceeds 28 seconds when using both motors, then the advisable management part is to be advised. Information technology is important that equally the rudder approaches the hard over position, the �stroke� comes off the pump or pumps in use, slowing downwards the rate of discharge from the pumps and thus the charge per unit of traverse of the rudder. This functionality is necessary in lodge that the rudder does not overshoot the designed limits of travel. A feedback arrangement consisting of a floating link in the command of the pumps or an equivalent electronic arrangement takes intendance of this and information technology is of import that testing of the steering system checks that this happens.

When difficult-over, the rudder must non exceed its designated limit equally this could lead to the rudder getting stuck in this position. The SOLAS requirement is 35 degrees on both sides.

A creep test is to exist carried out, and the results recorded in the Engine Room Log. Proof marks of rudder to tiller arm, and vessels with taper fit connections are to be checked to ensure no displacement or slippage has taken place. Wear down is to be checked using the poker judge or other device as appropriate, and the readings recorded in the Engine Room Log.

Where no proof marks or means of checking are available the office is to be informed, and such marks introduced equally soon equally possible. In port, when the vessel is at a suitable draft and admission is available, the Chief Engineer is to sight the rudder stock connections i.east. palm bolts etc. and where possible the jumping clearance. With rudders which do not take externally visible connections, the position of the rudder in a horizontal plane relative to the sternframe/hull is to be advisedly scrutinised.

Any evidence of harm, slackness, or alteration in the rudder position relative to the vessel'south hull in a horizontal plane is to exist reported to the Part immediately. Following a repair period, drydocking, or lay up, a test is to be carried out every bit soon as is practical.

Testing at Body of water

Testing of the steering gear at ocean is at the jurisdiction of the Principal. The Principal is to be on the Bridge and the Chief Engineer in the steering gear compartment at the time of the exam. (33CFR Chapter 1 164.25 to be complied with)

Nether normal sea speed, the rudder is to exist put from hard to port to difficult to starboard on i motor, then on the other motor. This process is then to exist repeated using both motors. The ammeter readings during these tests are to be recorded and entered in the Engine Room Log Volume. If the fourth dimension taken to move the rudder from 35 degree on either side to 30 degree on the other side exceeds 28 seconds when using both motors then the appropriate management office is to exist advised.

On vessels with steering gear designed to operate with only one motor on even when manoeuvring (the second motor being on stand-by), single motor functioning should meet this criteria. A creep test is besides to be carried out and the results recorded in the Engine Room Log Volume. Creep Test - With 1 motor on a setting midships If the rudder creeps more than 5 degrees in ane minute then management office is to be advised.

Emergency Steering Drill

An Emergency Steering Drill is to be carried out at to the lowest degree in one case every 3 months. It is to consist of direct operation of the main steering gear by manual control within the steering compartment. Steering is to exist directed past advice from the span to the steering compartment. Where applicable, the operation of culling power supplies is to be tested. Notices are to be posted next to the steering gear emergency station with a warning that no testing of the steering gear control system or its components is to take identify whilst the vessel is underway, unless under the direct supervision of the Master Engineer. All ship�s staff must exist made aware of this requirement.

Electric, Hydraulic and Mechanical Change-Over Procedures

All Engineer Officers must exist able to behave out the electrical, hydraulic and mechanical change-over procedures. If not in existence, a valve position diagram must be produced with the position of all valves. Such valves are to be clearly marked by numbers or letters.

These diagrams would normally show the following situations, unless the steering gear is of the rotary vane type:

a) Starboard hydraulic pump in use;
b) Port hydraulic pump in utilize;
c) Starboard and port hydraulic pump in employ;
d) Emergency hydraulic pump in utilize;
e) All four hydraulic rams in utilize;
f) Only afterward opposite hydraulic ram in use;
g) Only forward contrary hydraulic ram in use;
h) Only starboard hydraulic rams in employ;
i) Only port hydraulic rams in use.

The Primary and Primary Engineer are to study to the relevant Direction Office, mutual hydraulic pipes in the organization which in example of failure, would result in having the whole steering gear out of lodge.

Rudder Arrestor Systems

On vessels fitted with a rudder arrestor organisation, all Engineer Officers must be familiar with, and be able to operate, the system.

Records

Log Book entries are to be made when all inspections and tests are conducted and when emergency steering drills are carried out.

Related data

1. Ships steering gear testing requirement
The regulations SOLAS Chapter 5 Regulation 26 and 33 CFR Chapter 1 164.25 �Tests earlier entering or getting underway� have to be complied with. During stays in port betwixt voyages or passages a test is to exist carried out inside 12 hours of the estimated fourth dimension of "stand past departure"....
2. Oil lubricated sterntube bearing, sterntube seals & shafting arrangement
The sterntube bearing serves two important purposes. It supports the tailshaft and a considerable proportion of the propeller weight. It likewise acts every bit a gland to prevent the entry of sea water to the machinery space.....
3. Office of solid fixed pitch propeller & Propeller mounting
The propeller consists of a dominate with several blades of helicoidal class fastened to it. When rotated information technology 'screws' or thrusts its style through the h2o by giving momentum to the column of water passing through information technology. The thrust is transmitted forth the shafting to the thrust block and finally to the send's structure....
4. Controllable pitch propeller
A controllable pitch propeller is made upward of a boss with divide blades mounted into it. An internal mechanism enables the blades to be moved simultaneously through an arc to change the pitch angle and therefore the pitch....
5. Ships propeller shaft -Thrust block & Shaft bearings
The transmission system on a ship transmits power from the engine to the propeller. Information technology is made upwardly of shafts, bearings, and Finally the propeller itself. The thrust from the propeller is transferred to the transport through the transmission organisation....
6. Ships steering gear arrangement and testing requirement
The main steering gear is to be capable of putting the rudder over from 35� on one side to 35� on the other side with the transport at its deepest draft and running ahead at maximum service speed, and nether the same conditions from 35� on either side to thirty� on the other side in not more than 28 seconds.....
7. Ships steering gear electrical control
The electrical remote control system is commonly used in mod installations since it uses a modest command unit of measurement as transmitter on the span and is simple and reliable in functioning.Movement of the span transmitter results in electrical imbalance and electric current flow to the motor. .....
8. Ships steering gear telemotor control
Telemotor control is a hydraulic control system employing a transmitter, a receiver, pipes and a charging unit. The transmitter, which is built into the steering wheel console, is located on the bridge and the receiver is mounted on the steering gear..

.....

9. Ships steering gear testing requirement
The regulations SOLAS Chapter V Regulation 26 and 33 CFR Affiliate i 164.25 �Tests before entering or getting underway� have to be complied with. During stays in port betwixt voyages or passages a test is to be carried out within 12 hours of the estimated fourth dimension of "stand past difference"....

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